Aceh ; Atjeh (Dutch); or Acheh is a special region of Indonesia. The province is located at the northern end of Sumatra. Its capital is Banda Aceh and its population is approximately 5,046,000. It is close to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India and separated from them by the Andaman Sea.
Aceh is thought to have been the place where the spread of Islam in Indonesia started, and was a key part of the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia. In the early seventeenth century the Sultanate of Aceh was the most wealthy, powerful and cultivated state in the Malacca Straits region. Aceh has a history of political independence and resistance to control by outsiders, including the former Dutch colonists and the Indonesian government.
Aceh has substantial natural resources, including oil and natural gas—some estimates put Aceh gas reserves as being the largest in the world. Relative to most of Indonesia, it is a religiously conservative area.[4] It has the highest proportion of Muslims in Indonesia, mainly living according to Sharia customs and laws.[5]
Aceh was the closest point of land to the epicenter of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
and tsunami, which devastated much of the western coast of the
province. Approximately 170,000 Indonesians were killed or went missing
in the disaster.[6] The disaster helped reach the peace agreement between the government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement (GAM).
Aceh was first known as Aceh Darussalam (1511–1959) and then later as the Daerah Istimewa Aceh (1959–2001), Nanggroë Aceh Darussalam (2001–2009) and Aceh (2009–present). Past spellings of Aceh include Acheh, Atjeh and Achin.
| Aceh | ||
|---|---|---|
| Province | ||
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| Motto: "Pancacita"(Sanskrit) "Five goals" |
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| Coordinates: 5°33′N 95°19′ECoordinates: 5°33′N 95°19′E | ||
| Country | Indonesia | |
| Capital | Banda Aceh | |
| Government | ||
| • Governor | Zaini Abdullah | |
| Area | ||
| • Total | 58,376 km2 (22,539 sq mi) | |
| Population (2010)[1] | ||
| • Total | 5,046,000 | |
| • Density | 86/km2 (220/sq mi) | |
| Demographics[2][3] | ||
| • Ethnic groups | 51% Acehnese 16% Javanese 7% Gayo Lut 5% Gayo Luwes 4% Alas 3% Singkil 2% Simeulue 2% Batak 1% Minangkabau |
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| • Religion | 98.19% Muslim 1.12% Protestant 0.07% Roman Catholic 0.16% Buddhist 0.08% Hindu |
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| • Languages | Indonesian (official) Acehnese |
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| Time zone | WIB (UTC+7) | |
| Website | acehprov.go.id | |
History
Prehistory
The first evidence of human habitation in Aceh is from a site near the Tamiang River where shell middens are present. Stone tools and faunal remains were also found on the site. Archeologists believe the site was first occupied around 10,000 BC.[7]Hinduism
Not much is known about the pre-Islamic history of Aceh, but is known to have historically had kingdoms of Hinduism and Buddhism, such as the Kingdom of Indra Purba, Indra purwa kingdom, the kingdom of Indra Patra, and the Kingdom Indrapura (Indrapuri).The beginnings of Islam in Southeast Asia
The Portuguese apothecary Tome Pires reported in his early sixteenth century book Suma Oriental that most of the kings of Sumatra from Aceh through to Palembang were Muslim. At Pasai, in what is now the North Aceh Regency, there was a thriving international port. Pires attributed the establishment of Islam in Pasai to the 'cunning' of the Muslim merchants. The ruler of Pasai, however, had not been able to convert the people of the interior.[10]
Sultanate of Aceh
Main article: Sultanate of Aceh
After the Portuguese occupation of Malacca in 1511, many Islamic traders passing the Malacca Straits shifted their trade to Banda Aceh and increased Acehnese rulers' wealth. During the reign of Sultan Iskandar Muda in 17th century, Aceh's influence extended to most of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. Aceh allied itself with the Ottoman Empire and the Dutch East India Company in their struggle against the Portuguese and the Johor Sultanate. Acehnese military power waned gradually thereafter, and Aceh ceded its territory of Pariaman in Sumatra to the Dutch in 18th century.[12]
By the early nineteenth century, however, Aceh had become an increasingly influential power due to its strategic location for controlling regional trade. In the 1820s it was the producer of over half the world's supply of black pepper. The pepper trade produced new wealth for the Sultanate and for the rulers of many smaller nearby ports that had been under Aceh's control, but were now able to assert more independence. These changes initially threatened Aceh's integrity, but a new sultan Tuanku Ibrahim, who controlled the kingdom from 1838 to 1870, reasserted power over nearby ports.[13]
Under the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 the British ceded their colonial possessions on Sumatra to the Dutch. In the treaty, the British described Aceh as one of their possessions, although they had no actual control over the Sultanate. Initially, under the agreement the Dutch agreed to respect Aceh's independence. In 1871, however, the British dropped previous opposition to a Dutch invasion of Aceh, possibly to prevent France or the United States from gaining a foothold in the region. Although neither the Dutch nor the British knew the specifics, there had been rumors since the 1850s that Aceh had been in communication with rulers of France and of the Ottoman Empire.[13]
Aceh War
Main article: Aceh War
The Dutch tried one strategy after another over the course of four decades. An expedition under Major General Johan Harmen Rudolf Köhler in 1873 occupied most of the coastal areas. It was his strategy to attack and take the Sultan's palace. It failed. They then tried a naval blockade, reconciliation, concentration within a line of forts, then passive containment. They had scant success. Reaching 15 to 20 million guilders a year, the heavy spending for failed strategies nearly bankrupted the colonial government.[15]
The Aceh army was rapidly modernized, and Aceh soldiers managed to kill Köhler (a monument to this achievement has been built inside Grand Mosque of Banda Aceh). Köhler made some grave tactical errors and the reputation of the Dutch was severely harmed. In addition, in recent years in line with expanding international attention to human rights issues and atrocities in war zones, there has been increasing discussion about some of the recorded acts of cruelty and slaughter committed by Dutch troops during the period of warfare in Aceh.[16]
Hasan Mustafa (1852–1930) was a chief 'penghulu,' or judge, for the colonial government and was stationed in Aceh. He had to balance traditional Muslim justice with Dutch law. To stop the Aceh rebellion, Hasan Mustafa issued a fatwa, telling the Muslims there in 1894, "It is Incumbent upon the Indonesian Muslims to be loyal to the Dutch East Indies Government".[17]
Japanese occupation
During World War II, Japanese troops occupied Aceh. Religious ulama party gained ascendancy to replace district warlords (uleebalang) party formerly collaborating with the Dutch. Concrete bunkers still line the northern-most beaches.Indonesian independence
After World War II, civil war erupted in 1945 between district warlords party, supporting the return of Dutch government and religious ulama party, supporting newly proclaimed Indonesia State. The latter party won, and the area remained free during Indonesian War of Independence. The Dutch military itself never attempted to invade Aceh. The civil war put the religious ulama party leader, Daud Bereueh, as military governor of Aceh.[18][19]Acehnese rebellion
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This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2013) |
The Acehnese revolted soon after its inclusion into an independent Indonesia, a situation created by a complex mix of what the Acehnese fairly regarded as transgressions against and betrayals of their rights.
1 - Soekarno the first president of Indonesia had reneged on his promise made on 16 June 1948 that Aceh would be allowed to rule itself in accordance with its religious values which had been in place for centuries.
2 - Aceh was politically dismantled and incorporated into the province of North Sumatra in 1950. This resulted in the Acehnese Rebellion of 1953-59 which was led by Daud Bereueh who on 20 September 1953 declared a free independent Aceh under the leadership of Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo.
3 - In 1959, the Indonesian government attempted to placate the Acehnese by offering wide-ranging freedom in matters relating to religion, education and culture - a promise which the Indonesian government later betrayed.
These experiences were later to become the fuel which ignite further resentment of the Acehnese towards Jakarta as they underwent the subsequent economic injustice resulting from the plunder of their natural wealth and the horrific abuses committed later by the Indonesian military which followed its attempts to subdue the separatism which erupted once more in 1976.
In fact, the Acehnese had regarded Aceh as being under Javanese colonial occupation, no better than the Dutch.
Governors
- = Acting governor, in place until a full governor was formerly appointed
| No. | Portrait | Name | Took Office | Left Office | |
| 1. | Teuku Nyak Arif | 1945 | 1946 | ||
| 2. | Teuku Daud Syah | 1947 | 1948 | ||
| 3. | Tgk Daud Beureu'eh | 1948 | 1952 | ||
| 4. | Teuku Sulaiman Daud | 1952 | 1953 | ||
| 5. | Abdul Wahab | 1953 | 1955 | ||
| 6. | Abdul Razak | 1955 | 1956 | ||
| 7. | Prof. Dr. Ali Hasjmy | 1957 | 1964 | ||
| 8. | Nyak Adam Kamil | 1964 | 1966 | ||
| 9. | H. Asbi Wahidi | 1966 | 1967 | ||
| 10. | Abdullah Muzakir Walad | 1967 | 1978 | ||
| 11. | Abdul Madjid Ibrahim | 1978 | 1981 | ||
| * | H. Eddy Sabara | 1981 | 1981 | ||
| 12. | Hadi Thayeb | 1981 | 1986 | ||
| 13. | Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Hassan | 1986 | 1993 | ||
| 14. | Prof. Dr. Syamsudin Mahmud | 1993 | 21 June 2000 | ||
| * | Ramli Ridwan | 21 Juni 2000 | November 2000 | ||
| 15. | Abdullah Puteh | November 2000 | 19 July 2004 | ||
| * | Azwar Abubakar | 19 July 2004 | 30 December 2005 | ||
| * | Mustafa Abubakar | 30 December 2005 | 8 February 2007 | ||
| 16. | Irwandi Yusuf | 8 February 2007 | 8 February 2012 | ||
| * | Tarmizi Abdul Karim | 8 February 2012 | 25 June 2012 | ||
| 17. | Zaini Abdullah | 25 June 2012 | Incumbent |
Free Aceh Movement
Main article: Insurgency in Aceh
The movement had a small number of followers initially, and Hasan di Tiro himself had to live in exile in Sweden. Meanwhile, the province followed Suharto's policy of economic development and industrialization. During late 80s several security incidents prompted the Indonesian central government to take repressive measures and to send troops to Aceh. Human rights abuse was rampant for the next decade, resulting in many grievances on the part of the Acehnese toward the Indonesian central government. In 1990, the Indonesian government initiated a military operations against GAM by deploying more than 12.000 Indonesian army in the region.
During late 90s, chaos in Java and an ineffective central government gave an advantage to Free Aceh Movement and resulted in the second phase of the rebellion, this time with large support from the Acehnese people. This support was demonstrated during the 1999 plebiscite in Banda Aceh which was attended by nearly half million people (of four million population of the province). Indonesian central government responded in 2001 by broadening Aceh's autonomy by giving its government the right to apply sharia law more broadly and the right to receive direct foreign investment. This was again accompanied by repressive measures, however and in 2003 an offensive began and a state of emergency was proclaimed in the Province. The war was still going on when the Tsunami Disaster of 2004 struck the province.
Exxon Mobil human rights abuse lawsuit
Main article: ExxonMobil violations in Indonesia
On June 21, 2001 11 villagers from an Acehnese village in the North Aceh Regency used the Alien Tort Claims Act to sue Exxon Mobil in United States federal court
for human rights abuses at the Arun natural gas field. The villagers
claim they were tortured, raped, or murdered by soldiers from the
Indonesian military. They claimed that Exxon Mobil created barracks to
be used for torture of detainees and gave the Indonesian military unit which guarded the Exxon-Mobil natural gas field heavy equipment to cover mass burials after a clash with separatists.[20]
Exxon Mobil reportedly shut down the site because of escalating
violence. The villagers need to reveal their identities in order to
receive Indonesian government protection, but are reluctant to do so for
fear of reprisals from the Indonesian military.Tsunami disaster
Main article: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
The population of Aceh before the December 2004 tsunami was 4,271,000 (2004). The population as of 15 September 2005 was 4,031,589.
As of February 2006, more than a year after the tsunami, a large number of people were still living in barrack-style temporary living centers (TLC) or tents. Reconstruction was visible everywhere, but due to the sheer scale of the disaster, and logistical issues, progress was slow.
The ramifications of the tsunami went beyond the immediate impact to the lives and infrastructure of the Acehnese living on the coast. Since the disaster, the Acehnese rebel movement GAM, which had been fighting for independence against the Indonesian authorities for 29 years, has signed a peace deal (August 15, 2005). The perception that the tsunami was punishment for insufficient piety in this proudly Muslim province is partly behind the increased emphasis on the importance of religion post-tsunami. This has been most obvious in the increased implementation of Sharia law, including the introduction of the controversial 'WH' or Syariah police. As homes are being built and people's basic needs are met, the people are also looking to improve the quality of education, increase tourism, and develop responsible, sustainable industry. Well-qualified educators are in high demand in Aceh.
The area was slowly rebuilt after the disaster. The government initially proposed the creation of a two-kilometer buffer zone along low-lying coastal areas within which permanent construction was not permitted. This proposal was unpopular among some local inhabitants and proved impractical in most situations, especially fishing families that are dependent on living near to the sea.
The Indonesian government set up a special agency for Aceh reconstruction, the Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi (BRR) headed by Kuntoro Mangkusubroto, a former Indonesian Minister. This agency had ministry level of authority and incorporated officials, professionals and community leaders from all backgrounds. Most of the reconstruction work was performed by local people using a mix of traditional methods and partial prefabricated structures, with funding coming from many international organizations and individuals, governments, and the people themselves.
The Government of Indonesia estimated in their Preliminary Damage and Losses Assessment[22] that damages amounted to US$4.5 billion (before inflation, and US$6.2 billion including inflation). Three years after the tsunami, reconstruction was still ongoing. The World Bank monitored funding for reconstruction in Aceh and reported that US$7.7 billion had been earmarked for the reconstruction whilst at June 2007 US$5.8 billion had been allocated to specific reconstruction projects, of which US$3.4 billion had actually been spent (58%).[23]
In 2009, the government opened a US$5.6 million museum to commemorate the tsunami with photographs, stories, and a simulation of the earthquake that triggered the tsunami.[24]
On April 11, 2012. a Magnitude 8.7 earthquake struck in the Aceh, and tsunami warnings were issued to 28 countries.
The peace agreement and first local elections
Aceh has been granted broader autonomy through Aceh Government Legislation covering special rights agreed upon in 2002 as well as the right of the Acehnese to establish local political parties to represent their interests.[28] Human rights advocates protested that previous human rights violations in the province needed to be addressed, however.[29]
During elections for the provincial governor held in December 2006, the former GAM and national parties participated. The election was won by Irwandi Yusuf, whose base of support consisted largely of ex-GAM members.
Government
Within the country, Aceh is governed not as a province but as a special territory (daerah istimewa), an administrative designation intended to give the area increased autonomy from the central government in Jakarta.Regional elections have been held in Aceh in recent years for senior positions at the provincial, regency (kabupaten) and district (kecamatan) levels. In the 2006 elections, Irwandi Yusuf was elected as the provincial governor for 2007-2012 and in elections in April 2012 Zaini Abdullah was elected as governor for 2012-2017.
Law
Beginning with the promulgation of Law 44/1999, Aceh’s governor began to issue limited Sharia-based regulations, for example requiring female government employees to wear Islamic dress. These regulations were not enforced by the provincial government, but as early as April 1999, reports emerged that groups of men in Aceh were engaging in vigilante violence in an effort to impose Sharia, for example, by conducting " jilbab raids," subjecting women who were not wearing Islamic headscarves to verbal abuse, cutting their hair or clothes, and committing other acts of violence against them.[30] The frequency of these and other attacks on individuals considered to be violating Sharia principles appeared to increase following the enactment of Law 44/1999 and the governor’s Sharia regulations.[30]Upon the enactment of the Special Autonomy Law in 2001, Aceh’s provincial legislature enacted a series of qanuns (local laws) governing the implementation of Sharia. Five qanuns enacted between 2002 and 2004 contained criminal penalties for violations of Sharia: Qanun 11/2002 on "belief, ritual, and promoting Islam," which contains the Islamic attire requirement; Qanun 12/2003 prohibiting the consumption and sale of alcohol; Qanun 13/2003 prohibiting gambling; Qanun 14 /2003 prohibiting "seclusion"; and Qanun 7/2004 on the payment of Islamic alms. With the exception of gambling, none of the offenses are prohibited outside of Aceh.[30]
Responsibility for enforcement of the qanuns rests both with the National Police and with a special Sharia police force unique to Aceh, known as the Wilayatul Hisbah (Sharia Authority). All of the qanuns provide for penalties including fines, imprisonment, and caning, the latter a punishment unknown in most parts of Indonesia. Between mid-2005 and early 2007, at least 135 people were caned in Aceh for transgressing the qanuns.[30]
The other bill, the Qanun on Criminal Law (Qanun Jinayat), reiterated the existing criminal Sharia prohibitions, at times enhancing their penalties, and a host of new criminal offenses, including ikhtilat (intimacy or mixing), zina (adultery, defined as willing intercourse by unmarried people), sexual harassment, rape, and homosexual conduct. The law authorized punishments including up to 60 lashes for "intimacy," up to 100 lashes for engaging in homosexual conduct, up to 100 lashes for adultery by unmarried persons, and death by stoning for adultery by a married person.[30]
Administrative divisions
Administratively, the province is subdivided into 18 regencies (kabupaten) and 5 autonomous cities (kota). The capital and the largest city is Banda Aceh, located on the coast near the northern tip of Sumatra. Some local areas are pushing to create new autonomous areas, usually with the stated goal of enhancing local control over politics and development.The cities and regencies are subdivided into the districts of Aceh.
.
| Name | Capital | Est. | Statute | Area (in km²) | Population 2010 Census |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sabang (city) | 1967 | 153.00 | 30,647 | ||
| Banda Aceh (city) | 1956 | UU 24/1956 | 61.36 | 224,209 | |
| Aceh Besar Regency | Jantho | 1956 | UU 24/1956 | 2,969.00 | 350,225 |
| Aceh Jaya Regency | Calang | 2002 | UU 4/2002 | 3,817.00 | 76,892 |
| Pidie Regency | Sigli | 1956 | UU 24/1956 | 2,856.52 | 378,278 |
| Pidie Jaya Regency | Meureudu | 2007 | UU 7/2007 | 574.44 | 132,858 |
| Bireuen Regency | Bireuen | 1999 | UU 48/1999 | 1,901.22 | 389,024 |
| North Aceh (Aceh Utara) Regency | Lhoksukon | 1956 | UU 24/1956 | 3,236.86 | 529,746 |
| Lhokseumawe (city) | 2001 | UU 2/2001 | 181.06 | 170,504 | |
| Bener Meriah Regency | Simpang Tiga Redelong | 2003 | UU 41/2003 | 1,457.34 | 121,870 |
| Central Aceh (Aceh Tengah) Regency | Takengon | 1956 | UU 24/1956 | 4,315.14 | 175,329 |
| West Aceh (Aceh Barat) Regency | Meulaboh | 1956 | UU 24/1956 | 2,927.95 | 172,896 |
| Nagan Raya Regency | Suka Makmue | 2002 | UU 4/2002 | 3,928.00 | 138,670 |
| Southwest Aceh (Aceh Barat Daya) Regency | Blangpidie | 2002 | UU 4/2002 | 2,334.01 | 125,991 |
| Gayo Lues Regency | Blangkejeren | 2002 | UU 4/2002 | 5,719.57 | 79,592 |
| East Aceh (Aceh Timur) Regency | Idi Rayeuk | 1956 | UU 24/1956 | 6,040.60 | 359,280 |
| Langsa (city) | 2001 | UU 3/2001 | 262.41 | 148,904 | |
| Aceh Tamiang Regency | Karang Baru | 2002 | UU 4/2002 | 1,939.72 | 250,992 |
| Southeast Aceh (Aceh Tenggara) Regency | Kutacane | 1974 | UU 7/1974 | 4,189.26 | 178,852 |
| South Aceh (Aceh Selatan) Regency | Tapaktuan | 1956 | UU 24/1956 | 3,851.69 | 202,003 |
| Subulussalam (city) | 2007 | UU 8/2007 | 1,011.00 | 67,316 | |
| Aceh Singkil Regency (including the Banyak Islands) |
Singkil | 1999 | UU 14/1999 | 2,597.00 | 102,213 |
| Simeulue Regency | Sinabang | 1999 | UU 48/1999 | 2,051.48 | 80,279 |
Notes:
- UU is an abbreviation from Undang-Undang (the Indonesia statute of law).
Ecology and biodiversity
Aceh has the largest range of biodiversity in the Asian Pacific region.[31] Among the rarer large mammals are the Sumatran rhinoceros, Sumatran tiger, orangutan and Sumatran elephant.[31] The area has been suffering from deforestation since the 1970s.[32] The first pulp mill in Aceh was built in 1982.[33] The government of Aceh intends a law, by which 1.2 million hectares would be opened for commercial use. [34] This proposal has caused many protests. [34]Economy
In 2006, economy of Aceh grew by 7.7% after having minimal growth since the devastating tsunami.[35] This growth was primarily driven by the reconstruction effort with massive growth in the building/construction sector.The ending of the conflict, and the reconstruction program resulted in the structure of the economy changing significantly since 2003. Service sectors played a more dominant role whilst the share of the oil and gas sectors continued to decline.
| Sector (% share of Aceh GDP) | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture and fisheries | 17 | 20 | 21 | 21 |
| Oil, Gas and Mining | 36 | 30 | 26 | 25 |
| Manufacturing (incl oil & gas manufact) | 20 | 18 | 16 | 14 |
| Electricity and Water Supply | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| Building / Construction | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
| Trade, hotels and restaurants | 11 | 12 | 14 | 15 |
| Transport & Communication | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| Banking & other Financial | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Services | 8 | 10 | 13 | 13 |
| Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
After peaking at around 40% in December 2005, largely as a result of the Dutch disease impact of sudden aid flows into the province, inflation declined steadily and was 8.5% in June 2007, close to the national level in Indonesia of 5.7%. Persistent inflation means that Aceh's consumer price index (CPI) remains the highest in Indonesia. As a result, Aceh's cost competitiveness has declined as reflected in both inflation and wage data. Although inflation has slowed down, CPI has registered steady increases since the tsunami. Using 2002 as a base, Aceh's CPI increased to 185.6 (June 2007) while the national CPI increased to 148.2. There have been relatively large nominal wage increases in particular sectors, such as construction where, on average, workers' nominal wages have risen to almost Rp.60,000 per day, from Rp.29,000 pre-tsunami. This is also reflected in Aceh's minimum regional wage (UMR, or Upah Minimum Regional), which increased by 55% from Rp.550,000 pre-tsunami to Rp.850,000 in 2007, compared with an increase of 42% in neighboring North Sumatra, from Rp.537,000 to Rp.761,000.
Poverty levels increased slightly in Aceh in 2005 after the tsunami, but by less than expected.[36] The poverty level then fell in 2006 to below the pre-tsunami level, suggesting that the rise in tsunami-related poverty was short lived and reconstruction activities and the end of the conflict most probably facilitated this decline. However, poverty in Aceh remains significantly higher than in the rest of Indonesia.[37] A large number of the Acehnese remain vulnerable to poverty, reinforcing the need for further sustained efforts at development in the post-tsunami construction period.[38]
Ethnic and cultural groups
The Acehnese language is widely spoken within the Acehnese population. This is a member of the Aceh-Chamic group of languages, whose other representatives are mostly found in Vietnam and Cambodia, and is also closely related to the Malay group of languages. Acehnese also has many words borrowed from Malay and Arabic and traditionally was written using Arabic script. Acehnese is also used as local language in Langkat and Asahan (North Sumatra), and Kedah (Malaysia), and once dominated Penang. Alas and Kluet are closely related languages within the Batak group. The Jamee language originated from Minangkabau language in West Sumatra, with just a few variations and differences.
Religion
According to 2010 census of the Central Statistics Agency, Muslims dominate Aceh province with more than 98% or 4,413,200 followers and only 50,300 Protestants and 3,310 Catholics.[40]| Historical population | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1971 | 2,008,595 | — |
| 1980 | 2,611,271 | +2.96% |
| 1990 | 3,416,156 | +2.72% |
| 1995 | 3,847,583 | +2.41% |
| 2000 | 3,930,905 | +0.43% |
| 2010 | 4,494,410 | +1.35% |
| Source: Badan Pusat Statistik 2010 | ||
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